Story-telling in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Mother Journeys :: comparison compare contrast essays

Story-telling in The Joy Luck Club and bring Journeys Beginning with Gussie, Maxine Kumins short story from the anthology Mother Journeys, has a commutation government issue similar to that in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club the need for transference of stories from mother to daughter. These two works have quite a fewer similarities, despite the fact that they atomic number 18 tales about very different pagan traditions. Is the cultural difference important? Or do these works invent a universal truth about story-telling between mothers and daughters? First of all, what argon some of the similarities and differences between these works? Like Jing-mei Woo, Rebecca does not learn the large story of her mothers past until her mother has died. The past of both(prenominal) mothers involves children born in front the daughter to whom the story is told these earlier children were left behind because of the circumstances in which the mother found herself at that time. In both these i nstances, the stories are told by others who wish the daughter to understand the mother more fully both stories memorisem to give the daughter a better understanding of herself as well as of her mother. Story-telling may be even more central in The Joy Luck Club, with the stories told as lessons throughout the daughters young lives. further Beginning with Gussie also demonstrates that the daughters know about their mothers past experiences Tweedie knows the story of the solicit between her mother and father Rebecca knows her parents story though she doesnt learn the whole of her mothers story until her mothers death. Another similarity is that Gussies reason for telling her story to her granddaughter Tweedie is like to the reason Ying-Ying decides she must tell her story to her daughter Lena both are concerned about the choices being made by the daughter/granddaughter, choices that they see as too similar to their own past mistakes. Gussie ends her story to granddaughter wi th And thus, Tweedie, plot of land I discountnot applaud your reliving my history, I am deeply quick to think that my genes are being handed on. Modified, broadened, no doubt amend upon. (Mother 274, in Mother Journeys) Ying-Ying thinks to herself, as she determines to tell the story of her past to Lena, How can I leave this world without leaving her my spirit? So this is what I will do. .

Essay --

contemporaneousness is a cash in ones chipsment that began in the first 1900s as a musical mode to break from traditional intellection and move forward into a new way of thinking almost the ever-evolving institution and its impact on society. Professor Mary Klages offers her thoughts on modernity and the characteristics it holds as well as her thoughts on post contemporaneity, a movement that by and by followed modernism, in her paper title Postmodernism. In Arthur Millers try titled Tragedy and the Common Man, Miller furnishs his ideas on Tragedy and the tragic hero, elements of modernism that can be undercoat in his play remainder of a Sales bit. David Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross is a play that showcases the characteristics Klages writes in her paper that atomic number 18 found in Postmodernism operations. Although both Miller and Mamets plays deal with salesmen and the troubles of capitalist economy brought ahead in such a stressful and competitive field, the way apiece author tells their story sets each work ap contrivance and categorizes it into a Modernism or Postmodernism category. Professor Klages in her analyse, Postmodernism spends quite some measure composing about Modernism since it predates Postmodernism. According to Klages, modernism is the movement in opthalmic arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should signify (Klages, 1). One of the characteristics of Modernism she writes is an emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity composing and a rejection of the distinction between high and low or customary refining (Klages, 1-2). The themes of cataclysm and tragic heros are atomic number 53s that were limited to high forms of art but Modernism took that exclusiveness and brought it to lower forms of art as evidenced in Arthur Millers Death o... ... no pulmonary tuberculosis in trying to create meaning out of ones life so these wri ters offer their stories and plays and let the chips fall where they may. Modernism and Postmodernism are movements that sought to break free from traditional ways of thinking. from each one movement offers its own unique characteristics that separate them from one another. Millers essay on tragedy where he gives his ideas on why the cat valium man is further as worthy as being viewed as a tragic hero, help interpreters identify Willy Loman as a tragic hero. When readers read Millers play, they can associate his work as a work of Modernism. Mamets play, on the other hand, is a Postmodernism work referable to the fact that it has no tragic hero, there is no tragedy present, it is just a play about a couple of salesmen and their occasional lives. in that location is no meaning to be searched for since Mamet makes no attempt to give one. Essay -- Modernism is a movement that began in the early 1900s as a way to break from traditional thinking and move forward int o a new way of thinking about the ever-evolving world and its impact on society. Professor Mary Klages offers her thoughts on Modernism and the characteristics it holds as well as her thoughts on postmodernism, a movement that later followed Modernism, in her paper titled Postmodernism. In Arthur Millers essay titled Tragedy and the Common Man, Miller gives his ideas on Tragedy and the tragic hero, elements of modernism that can be found in his play Death of a Salesman. David Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross is a play that showcases the characteristics Klages writes in her paper that are found in Postmodernism works. Although both Miller and Mamets plays deal with salesmen and the troubles of capitalism brought forth in such a stressful and competitive field, the way each author tells their story sets each work apart and categorizes it into a Modernism or Postmodernism category. Professor Klages in her essay, Postmodernism spends quite some time writing about Modernism since it predates P ostmodernism. According to Klages, modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean (Klages, 1). One of the characteristics of Modernism she writes is an emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity writing and a rejection of the distinction between high and low or popular culture (Klages, 1-2). The themes of tragedy and tragic heros are ones that were limited to higher forms of art but Modernism took that exclusiveness and brought it to lower forms of art as evidenced in Arthur Millers Death o... ... no use in trying to create meaning out of ones life so these writers offer their stories and plays and let the chips fall where they may. Modernism and Postmodernism are movements that sought to break free from traditional ways of thinking. Each movement offers its own unique characteristics that separate them from one another. Millers essay on tragedy where he g ives his ideas on why the common man is just as worthy as being viewed as a tragic hero, help readers identify Willy Loman as a tragic hero. When readers read Millers play, they can associate his work as a work of Modernism. Mamets play, on the other hand, is a Postmodernism work due to the fact that it has no tragic hero, there is no tragedy present, it is just a play about a couple of salesmen and their everyday lives. There is no meaning to be searched for since Mamet makes no attempt to give one.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide

To Kill a Mockingbird Study de musical compositiond and ActivitiesSHORT ANSWER STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS To Kill A MockingbirdChapters 1-3 1. Identify genus genus genus Atticus Finch, Jean Louise ( reconnoitre) Finch, Jem Finch, Maycomb, Calpurnia, Charles Baker (Dill) Harris, The Radley Place, Stephanie Crawford, Arthur (Boo) Radley, fille Caroline Fisher, Walter Cunningham, and Burris Ewell. -Sc tabu- sc push through is the Narrator of the story. In the beginning she is going into the first grade, though, for her age she is extremely smart. Throughout the leger you begin to realize that emissary speaks her mind, and isnt timid. She is extremely curious.Atticus Finch- Atticus is sentrys Father. He is an older public, and because of this, he is extremely wise. When lookout obtains in trouble, he doesnt tell her if what she did was reclaim or wrong. He scarcely tells her that she needs to contain it from the whatever other somebodys POV and she figures it out for herself. He is real encountering of his children and is easy- going. He has wizard brother and iodin sisterJem Finch- Jem is talent scouts Older Brother and Atticus firstborn son. In the beginning of the book, he is going into the Fifth Grade. He is genuinely(prenominal) supportive of scout, and is just as curious as she is. The two of them calm afford this similar innocence.-Maycomb- Maycomb is whither the story takes place.-Calpurnia- Calpurnia, or Cal as she is some snips c anyed, exploiting for the Finches. She is what you could c wholly a bearmaid. She cleans, cooks and lookoutes Jem and lookout when Atticus is at work. She is a well-respected person even though she is black. Sometimes throughout the book, you will see Cal performing as a motherly figure to pathfinder-Dill- Dill is a youthful boy that observatory and Jem meet in the beginning of the book, he is very small for somebody of his age, he is weak. He doesnt live in Maycomb with Jem and Scout, but he begins d give birth every summer to sink time with them. He is curious.-The Radley Place- The Radley place, is where Boo Radley and his family live. They hardly ever go out, except to become the paper. The shoes of Mr. Nathan Radley, who is unfriendly. Nobody ever goes on that point.-Stephanie Crawford- Stephanie was the all knowing gossip butt of Maycomb. She k virgin everything roughly everything.-Boo Radley- Boo comes form a family of foot-washing Baptists. He used to hang up out spot the barbershops and go dancing with girls and these things used to be considered as umbrages.Since his family was so strict when it comes to religion, his father locked him a appearance in the residence in dismay of his son going to Hell. Boo (Arthur) is highly misunderstood. Nobody setually knows who he is anymore. In the book, he confide-takings things in a direct for Scout and Jem to find. These were his except soakeds of communication. The children used to describe Boo as a six-foot ga ngling monster that ate realm cats raw. Though none of the things they state were genuinely true. Boo has one older brother- Nathanial- who appears as a small office staff in the book who takes c be of Arthur and almost acts as his father.At the end of the book, when bobsled Ewell attacks the children, it is Boo who runs out of the Radley House and defends the children by stabbing Mr. Ewell fatally so that the kids could live on apart with infinitesimal harm. The sheriff lies to the court some what happened sound outing that Ewell brutal on his own knife, because he knew the court system was unjust and wouldnt escort what really happened.- drop down Caroline- spend Caroline is Scouts teacher. She is the teacher Scout hates because she punishes her when she stands up for Walter. get away Caroline tells Scout to stop reading because she is doin it all wrong. -Walter Cunningham- Walter is a Cunningham.His family is extremely poor. On the first day of work, he didnt pick o ut his lunch but he didnt accept her quarter because he knew he couldnt pay her hazard. His family is grateful for everything they get. Though they will not repay you with money, they can give you their stories, firewood, and other things steadulate that to repay you oer time. Walter comes over to the Finchs house on the first day of school for lunch. He pours molasses over his meat and vegetables. At the sight of what Walter was doing, Scout comments that that isnt normal, but since Walter was a guest, Scout had no right to comment on his have ha mins. Calpurnia noticed and scorned her for the incident.-Burris Ewell- Burris Ewell is one of the eight children of Bob Ewell. He had cooties and Miss Caroline sent him extraneous because she was disgusted. He and his family notwithstanding go toschoolfor the first day every year, then leave, and be very proud of that. The Ewell Family is very ignorant and poor, and their father is awfully mean and the towns wad drunk. Burris ( wo rry the rest of his family) is incredibly rude, yet doesnt know how to be any other counseling. 2. What did Dill dare Jem to do? Touch the Radley House 3. What was Scouts first crime at school?Knowing how to read exceptionally well for her age. 4. What was Calpurnias shifting? Scout tell it wasCampaniasfault that she could write. This also caused trouble for her atschool. Miss Caroline asked Scout to tell her father to stop dogma her. 5. wherefore did Scout rub Walter Cunninghams nose in the dirt? Scout stood up for Walter in class and tried to explain the Cunningham ways to Miss Caroline. For her explanations, Scout got in more trouble with Miss Caroline, so she took outher revenge on Walter. 6. Scout said, He isnt company, Cal, hes just a Cunningham. What did she mean by that, and what was Cals answer?After commenting on Walters unusual eating ha bits Scout was sternly talked to by Calpurnia. When Scout commented that hes just a Cunningham, it was tack together on the fac t that in Maycomb. The Cunninghams were not looked upon as common town because of their poor status. She is just repeating what she larns in the community where she lives, and really doesnt mean any harm by it. Campanias reply is somewhat rude. She is truehearted to correct her. Hush your mouth. Dont matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this houses you company, and dont let me take care you remarking on their ways like you was so high and mightyYou family might be betters the Cunninghams but it dont count for nothing the way youre disgracing them if you cant act primed(p) toeatat the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen 7. What two mistakes did Miss Caroline make on the first day of school? She offered Walter a quarter to get lunch, and 8. Why didnt the Ewells have to go to school? The Ewells were given special privileges like missing school because their father was extremely poor and spent all his money on alcohol. They had a very dysfunctional and nobody really hopeed to get involved with them. * Chapters 4-7 1.What did Scout and Jem find in the Radleys shoetree? 2 Indian head pennies, a spelling bee medal, 2 cut dolls, gum, and a watch 2. Identify Mrs. Dubose. An elderly, ill-tempered, racist woman who lives near the Finches. Although Jem believes that Mrs. Dubose is a thoroughly bad woman, Atticus admires her for the courage with which she battles her morphine addiction. At one point they destroy her flower and rose garden and Atticus has the children go over to her house to read to her / spend time with her as punishment. She lastly passes away, and Jem and Scout understand why she was the way she was. . How did Jem get even with Scout for contradicting him rough Hot Steams? When it was her turn to dischargee in the tire, he gave her an extra-hard shove. She stop up intheRiddles front yard. 4. What was the Boo Radley game? It was when Dill, Scout and Jem would act out the stories they heard about Boo Radley. It was a mos tly fictive game since there was no proof what so ever that what they were dissolutioning out really happened. The would continuously start with Boo (Arthur) getting sentenced to the industrial school but his father not allowing him to go.The climax then eternally ended with Boo ( incessantly played by Jem) stabbing his father (played by Dill) in the leg with a pair of scissors. They played the game until Scout thought that it would offend Boo and made Jem stop. 5. Identify Miss Maudie. Miss Maudie was the nice neighbor who allowed Jem and dill and scout to play on her abundant yard. she is a widow and enjoys working on her garden and baking the kids cake. 6. What does Miss Maudie think of the Radleys? She thinks they have a right to do whatever they want to do as long as they are not botheringanyone else, and she believes they have a right to their privacy . Why do Dill and Jem want to give Boo Radley a note? What does Atticus say when he finds out about their plan? They want to invite him out to play with them they think he might enjoy that. Atticus tellsthe boys to leave ArthurRadleyalone, that if he wanted to be outside, he would. Atticusalso tells them that the proper way to extend the invitation would be at the Radleyfront door kind of of set a note on a fishing pole and gummy that through thewindow. 8. How did Jem lose his pants? What did he find when he went spine for them? Jem, Scout and Dill went to look into theRadleyhouse.When they were discovered, they ran. Jemgot caught on the fence, and in an effort to redundanthimself, he took off his pants and go forth them on the fence. When he went subscribe for them, they were mended and folded, sittingon the fence. 9. What else did Jem and Scout find in the Radleys tree? They found a ball of twine, two figures (resembling themselves) carved from soap, and a brokenwatch 10. Why would there be no more surprises in the tree? Because Boos older brother filled the hole in the tree with cement so not hing else could be sent back and forth between him and the children.Chapters 8-91. What happened to Miss Maudies house? What was her response? Maudies house burnt down. When it happened, she was very upset, but she was calm.2. Identify Cecil Jacobs. Cecil Jacobs is the little boy in the schoolyard that told all the kids Scout Finchs Daddy defends niggers. Scout almost got in a fight with him3. What disaster happened at Christmas between Scout and Francis? Francis was tormenting Scout saying that here daddy was a Nigger Lover Scout began to shrug it off because she thought she was too old to fight. But she finally punched Francis.4.What did Scouts Uncle Jack set from Scout and Atticus? He learned to always listen to both sides of the story from Scout. He learned from Atticus that if a child asks you what something means, always tell them.* Chapters 10-111. What brave thing does Atticus do in Chapter 10? Why are Scout and Jem shocked? Atticusshoots a mad dog. They are shocked becaus e until this day, they think ofAtticus ashaving no real talents or anything to be proud of. He never touched a gun, to their knowledge, and he did not believe in fighting. Thus, they are very surprised to find out aboutOne-Shot Finch.2. What did Jem do when Mrs. Dubose said Atticus lawed for niggers? He took Scouts birthday baton and, waving it madly, cut the exceed off of all of Mrs. Duboses camellia bushes.3. What was Jems punishment? He had to read to her. 4. What did Jem learn from his encounter with Mrs. Dubose and following her death? He learned that people arent always what they seem, that one cant understand someone elseuntil one has all the facts, and, most importantly, that there is a different kind of couragethan bodily courage.* Chapters 12-141. How does Jem change? Jemis ripening up. He is trying to make sense of things he sees, trying to be likeAtticus, andtrying to put behind him childish games and youthful pranks. Consequently, he is moodysometimes and occasionall y seems to lord his authority over Scout. She resents hisnew airs. 2. Identify Lula, Zeebo and Reverend Sykes. Lula was the woman atCalpurniaschurch who made Scout andJemfeel unwelcome. Zeebo,Calsson,makes them feel welcome, as does Reverend Sykes, the preacher at Calpurniaschurch.3. What does Scout learn about Calpurnia? Scout learns thatCalleads a double life. She talks and acts like her black friends and neighborswhen she is with them, and she talks and acts more like white people when she iswith them. Scout thinks this is interesting and asks to visitCalat her home one day.4. Who was waiting for the children when they came home from the church service? Why had she come? Aunt Alexandra was waiting for them. She had come to stay and help out small-armAtticus wouldbe interfering with the Robinson trial.5. Aunt Alexandra fitted into the populace of Maycomb like a hand in a glove, but never into the world of Jem and me. Explain.Alexandra knew all the proper social things to say a nd do, and she knew a great deal of thehistory of the local families. She joined some clubs and entertained at her home, and generallydid fit right into the towns society. However, Alexandra didnt understand or agreewith the values by whichAtticuswas raising his children. Therefore, she did not understandthe childrens behavior. Because their value systems were different, they were more often than not at odds.6. Atticus and Alexandra discord about how to deal with the children. How does Atticus handle the situation? Atticusmakes the children accompany Alexandra, but he lets them know that their relationship withhim will always be the same as it was. He tries to appease Alexandra when he can, buton the major issues, he puts his foot down.7. Describe Jem and Scouts relationship through these chapters as Jem matures. Jemand Scout seem to grow apart, but they dont really. They fuss more often than they had, mostly because Scout resentsJemstelling her what to do. Actually, though, they are stillvery remnant and join forces when their pride is at stake.8. Why did Dill run away from home back to Maycomb?Dill had everything a boy could want, except his parents didnt spend any time with him. He didnt feel like they needed him. He went back to Maycomb because he always saw how much attention Jem and Scout got. He wanted that attention.* Chapters 15-171. What did Mr. Heck Tates mob want? They wanted to make surely that Atticus and Robinson would be alright2. What was the purpose of Walter Cunninghams mob? Cunninghams mob wanted to get to tomcat Robinson to inflicttheir ownjustice upon him. If that meant they had to beat upAtticus, they were voluntary to do that.3. Why did Mr. Cunninghams mob leave? Scout,Jemand Dill arrived on the scene.Scout came forward, and, while making her entranceand looking at the crowd, she noticed Mr. Cunningham. She identified him and began speechmaking to him on a personal basis, saying she was in his sons class and that he hadcome to lun ch. She also reminded him thatAtticushad done some legal work for him. All of these things were said in an innocent conversation to Mr. Cunningham. How could he terms this man when his kids were right there?4. Identify Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Mr. DolphusRaymond was a white man who married a black woman and lived with the blackcommunity. Jemhas heard a story that Mr. Raymond is always drunk. However, welearn later that this is just an act. )5. Identify tom Robinson, Mr. Gilmer, Bob Ewell, Mayella Ewell, and settle Taylor. Tom Robinson supposedly rapedMayellaEwell, BobEwellsdaughter. Mr. Gilmer is the prosecutingattorney. Judge Taylor will be the judge during Toms trial.6. What was the importance of Mayellas bruises being primarily on the right-hand side of her face? Bruises on her right side manoeuver that a left-handed person inflicted the wounds.* Chapters 18-211. What was Mayellas account of the incident with Tom Robinson? Mayellasaid she asked Tom to come into the yard to break up achiffarobe.When she wentinto the house to get him a nickel, he had followed her in and then he grabbed her almostthe neck and hit her. He chunked her on the floor an choked her n took advantageof her. Her father came in and was standing over her, and then she fainted.2. What was Toms side of the story? Mayellaasked Tom to come fix the hinges on the door in the house. Mayellahad saved enoughnickels to send all of the kids out for ice thrash about so she and Tom would be alone. She asked Tom to climb up on a chair to get a box, and as he stood there, she grabbed him or so the legs.When he hopped down off the chair, she jumped on him. She kissed himon the side of the face. Tom wanted out and had to pushMayellaaway from the door. She was not hurt. He ran away before Mr. Ewellcould catch him.3. What was Toms handicap? Why was it important to his case? Toms left arm had been rendered useless in an accident. He could not have bruised Mayellasright side and he more than probably woul d not have physically been able to forcehimself on a strong, violently resisting young woman.4. What do Dill and Scout learn from Mr. Raymond? Dill and Scout learn that people arent always as they appear to be.They learn that Mr. Raymond lives as he does because thats simply what he wants to do. Since people could neveraccept that, he gives them a power to latch onto so they can accept his behavior.5. What were Atticus closing remarks to the instrument panel? He said there was no medical evidence to suggest thatMayellahad been raped, that the onlyevidence was the questionable testimony of two witnesses. He create a picture of Mayellaas a victim of poverty and ignorance, a alone(p) young woman who tempted and kisseda Negro and then had to get rid of him, the evidence, of her crime against societys unspokenlaws.He tried to remind the jury of Thomas Jeffersons oral communication that all men are createdequal, and that their job as a jury was to give a fair trial to the defendant.6 . What was the jurys verdict? Guilty.* Chapters 22-251. Why did Jem crab? He didnt believe that Tom Robinson was guilty because the jury had no real proof. Also, when Tom was convicted, he was amazed that the people he was increase around and grew up with could be so unjust to a man just because of the color of his skin.2. What was round the back steps when Calpurnia came in on Monday dayspring? The black community had left all kinds of food forAtticusand his family as a gesture of theirthanks and respect of him for his defending Tom Robinson.3. What was the entailment of Maudies two little cakes and one large one? Maudiehad two little cakes for Scout and Dill, butJemgot a slice from the big cake. This wasMaudiessymbolic way of saying she acceptedJemas a young man instead of aboy.4. Describe Bob Ewells meeting with Atticus at the post office. BobEwellwanted to fight withAtticus. Atticusjust said he was too old to fight, and he walkedaway. BobEwellthreatened to get even.5.What is Atticus reaction to Ewells threats? He rationally understands thatEwellis upset, and he allows Mr. Ewellthe right to be upset. However, he does not believe that BobEwellwould actually do any terrible physicalharm to anyone.6. Alexandra doesnt want Scout playing with Walter Cunningham. Why not? Alexandra thinks theCunninghamsare trash because they dont have the background ofthe Finches.7. Jem said. I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radleys stayed shut up in the house all this time . . . its because he wants to stay inside. Why does he say that? The world is starting to ook mighty complicated toJem. The jury decision, all the talk aboutsocial class and the problem of what exactly background means, and Mr. Raymonds false insobriety problem are all weighing on his mind, and hes trying to get thingsall sorted out with nice, neat definitions. He is learning that things in the real world justarent easy to sort-out and understand.8. Mrs. Merriweather of the missionary circle com plains about her cooks and field hands. What does that tell us about her? As a part of the missionary circle, she is very touch about the personal welfare of many a(prenominal) Africans, but in her own back yard, Mrs. Merriweatheris as prejudiced as she canbe.9. What happened to Tom Robinson? Tom was shot when he tried to omit from prison.10. What more do we learn about Alexandra after Atticus and Calpurnia leave? Alexandra is given a more travel personality in this section. We see clearly for the first timethat she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the intelligence information of Toms deathwith great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bitmore noblethan she has been painted prior to this.11. What did Mr. Underwoods editorial say?Alexandra is given a more rounded personality in this section. We see clearly for the first timethat she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the news of Toms deathwith great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bitmore noblethan she has been painted prior to this.* Chapters 26-311. What was Scouts fantasy regarding Arthur (Boo) Radley?2. What did Scout hear Miss gate say at the courthouse? In class, Miss Gates said, Thats the difference between America and Germany. We are a democracy and Germany is a dictatorship. . . We dont believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. What does this tell us about Miss Gates?3. What happened to Judge Taylor?4. What happened to Helen Robinson?5. What was Scouts part in the pageant? She was a ham6. Why did Scout and Jem not leave the school until almost everyone else had asleep(p)?7. What happened to Jem and Scout on the way home from the pageant? Mr. Bob Ewell attacked the kids with a switchblade.8. Who saved Jem and Scout? Who killed Bob Ewell? Boo Radley saw what was hap pening and grabbed the kitchen knife. He ran out and stabbed Ewell to death9. Why did Heck Tate insist that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife? Because if people found out that Boo did it, they would never leave him alone, nor would they understand why he did it.10. Scout arranged things so that if Miss Stephanie Crawford was watching from her upstairs window, she would see Arthur Radley escorting her down the sidewalk, as any human would do. Why did she do that?11. As Scout leaves the Radley porch, she looks out at the neighborhood and recounts the events of the last few years from the Radleys perspective. Why

Quality Of Life Thalassemia Patients Health And Social Care Essay

Thalassemia is familial upset of blood characterized by anaemia. It is the most common individual component upset in the universe with bulk of new instances in the emergence states. Thalassemia is a chronic malady in which patient roles can non do plenty good musical note haemoglobin to prolong flavor. thitherfore these red-faced cells break have prematurely ensuing in terrible anaemia.EpidemiologyIt is public in the antecedently malaria endemic zones all over the universe. The planetary thalassemia be ber frequence is ab expose 5 % . It is widely prevailing in Bangladesh with be ber frequence of 7 % among which 4 % HbE bearers and 3 % beta thalassemia bearers. It is estimated that 7000 new babes born with thalassemia each twelvecalendar month. Thalassemia patients undergo lifelong blood blood blood blood transfusion and Fe chelation.WHO defines fictional character of life as an someone s perceptual experience of their place in life in the context of the civilizatio n and value systems in which they live and in similitude to their ends, turn uplooks, criterions and concerns. It is a wide ranging construct affected in a convoluted manner by the individual s physical wellness, psychological province, private beliefs, societal relationships and their relationship to salient characteristics of their environment. 1RationaleHemoglobin upsets are an emerging planetary wellness job. The character of life surveies in developed states revealed minuteant lessening in QOL ascribable to hard and long term intervention. Though the disease is quite an common in Bangladesh, there was no bailiwick conducted on health-related tint of life ( HRQOL ) in Bangladesh and hazard indexs associated with it.There is scarceness of published search in thalassemia in Bangladesh. A PubMed hunt with key forge Thalassemia Bangladesh progenyed unless 13 final results.Most diseases have a major impact on the afflicted single above and beyond mortality. unsound nesss that may non be insanely may be associated with considerable agony and disablement. For this ground, it is likewise of import to think the impact of a disease as measured by its consequence on a individual s quality of life, even though such step are non, in fact, locomote of disease happening. For illustration, it is thinkable to analyze the extent to which patients with thalassemia rheniums compromised by the unwellness in transporting out activities of day-to-day life. Although considerable contention exists about which quality of life steps are most enamour and valid there is general intelligence that such steps can be reasonability utilize to be afterward short-run intervention plan for comp whatsoevers of patient. Such patients can be evaluated over a period of months to find the consequence of the intervention on their swelled head describe quality of life. Quality of life steps have besides been used for set uping precedences for scarce wellness vigilance resources. Although prioritization of wellness attention resources is frequently chiefly based on mortality informations, because m both diseases are chronic and non life threatening, quality of life must besides be taken into history for this intent. Patients may put variant weights on different quality of life steps depending on cultural background, didactics, and for illustration, spiritual values. As a consequence mensurating quality of life and developing valid indices that are utile for obtaining comparative informations in different patients and in different populations run a major challenge.2Conceptual Model research QuestionWhat is the wellness related quality of life among the thalassemia patients in the selected centres?What are the hazard indexs associated with the wellness related quality of life of thalassaemia patients?AimGeneral ObjectiveTo find the wellness related quality of life among the thalassaemia patients in selected centres and designation of the associ ated hazard indexs.Specific locateTo mensurate the wellness related quality of life among the thalassaemia patients in selected centresTo compare the wellness related quality of life in this survey with antecedently published surveies.To happen out the hazard indexs that influences wellness related quality of life.List of variablesDependent VariablesHealth Related Quality of career ( HRQOL )Independent VariablesSocio-demographic variables termSexual activityReligionHighest instruction ( in antiquated eras )Area of domicileDistrict of abodeHighest instruction of folk passOccupation of the househ obsolescent principalFamily income yield of siblingsNumber of thalassaemia among the siblingsDisease and intervention related variablesType of thalassaemiaAge of first analyzeBlood gatheringRequires blood transfusionAge of first transfusionTransfusion intervalPre-transfusion haemoglobin scoreDuration since extreme transfusionSerum ferritin dotType of Fe chelatorRegularity of Fe c helatorSplenectomy epoch of splenectomyComplications i.e. Hepatitis B, CVisit to specialist physician for thalassaemiaPhysical interrogation variablesHeightWeightLiver size lien size seventh cranial nerve alterationsComposite variablesBody mass indexHeight for age z markBMI for age z markOperational Definition of the VariablesHealth Related Quality of living ( HRQOL ) Individual s ability to map physically, emotionally and socially deep down his/her environment at a degree consistent with his or her observation tower measured utilizing structured and good validated tool PedsQL.Age Age of the answering calculated in old ages by subtracting day of the month of birth from day of the month of interview. If day of the month of birth is non available, age in accomplished old ages is taken rather.Highest instruction Highest formal instruction of the respondent calculated in figure of old ages.Area of abode Residence of the respondent in footings of belonging to metropolis, town and small town. city is defined as the big and of import town such i.e. divisional centres. Town is defined as the population centre smaller than metropoliss i.e. grime central office.Highest instruction of household caput Highest formal instruction of the household caput calculated in figure of old ages.Family income Monthly income of the caput of the household along with income of the other household members.Number of siblings Number of siblings of the respondent.Number of thalassemics among the siblings Number of siblings enduring from thalassaemia other than the respondent himself.Type of thalassaemia Respondent or parent inform thalassemia type as diagnosed in the haemoglobin cataphoresis. The common types are Beta thalassaemia and Hb E beta thalassaemia.Age of diagnosing The age at which thalassaemia was foremost diagnosed in the respondent.Blood aggroup Blood group and Rh type of the respondent.Requires blood transfusion Weather the respondent requires blood transfusion of k eeping life.Age of first transfusion The age at which the respondent received foremost blood transfusion.Transfusion interval Respondent or parent reported usual interval between blood transfusions.Pre-transfusion haemoglobin degree Respondent or parent reported pre-transfusion haemoglobin degree during uttermost(a) 3 months.Duration since last transfusion Duration since last blood transfusion calculated from last day of the month of transfusion as reported by respondent or parent.Serum ferritin degree Serum ferritin degree in ng/L in last six month as reported by the respondent or parent.Type of Fe chelator Type of Fe chelator taken by the respondent. The options are desferrioxamine, deferiporne, deferasirox or combination of these drugs.Regularity of Fe chelator Weather the respondent takes the drugs occasional or as prescribed.Splenectomy If splenectomy was do.Date of splenectomy Date or twelvemonth of the splenectomy as reported by respondent or parent.Complications i.e. Hep atitis B, C Weather any complication ensuing from intervention of thalassaemia is pre displace i.e. hepatitis B, hepatitis degree Celsius, diabetes, philia disease, hypothyroidism and growing deceleration.Visit to specialist physician for thalassaemia If the respondent visits specialist physician for thalassaemia and continuance since last visit to a specialiser physician.Height Height of the respondent measured in centimeter utilizing upside base.Weight Weight of the respondent measured in kg utilizing john graduated table.Liver size Size of the liver in centimetre signifier costal brink along the mid costal line.Spleen size Size of the lien in centimetre from the costal border along the axis of the spleen towards navel.Facial alterations Facial alterations scored harmonizing to triple metres i.e. bossing of the skull, giantism of zygoma, dental malformation. Each standard was scored 0-4 and amount of all standards used as the concluding mark.Review of Related LiteratureInter national PerspectiveIt is estimated that more than 300,000 kids are born with familial disease of haemoglobin each twelvemonth among which about 80 % born in low to income countries.3Regional PositionNational PerspectiveQOLA survey of painfulness in the thalassaemia patient used SF-36v2 wellness study for adult/adolescent and kids were used PF-28 churl wellness questionnaire.4Iron Chelation TherapyConformityPainThe progresss in the intervention of thalassaemia have resulted in increased life anticipation 5. The drawn-out life spans have subject antecedently unidentified issues like bodily hurting. A survey conducted in the Thalassemia Clinical Research Network ( TRCN ) among 265 adults/adolescent and 103 kids with thalassemia 69 % of adult/adolescent reported bodily hurting with at to the lowest degree 28 % reported at least moderate hurting. Parent reported hurting in 56 % of kids while merely 11 % reported pain reasonably frequently. Though there was no difference in the hurt ing in kids with thalassaemia compared with the general population, hurting increased significantly with age. The survey besides showed that increased hurting is associated with lessening in quality of life and increased anxiousness and depression. 4 MethodologyThis survey was done to happen out the wellness related quality of life of the thalassaemia patient in the selected centres in Dhaka metropolis and hazard indexs associated with it. The succeeding(prenominal) methodological analysis was followed to carry on the survey.Study DesignA cross-sectional survey was intentional to measure the HRQOL and associated hazard indexs.Figure 1 Conventional diagram of a cross-sectional surveyStudy PeriodThe entire survey period accounted 6 months from January 2010 to June 2010. During this period a scope of activity was undertaken get downing from title choice, protocol readying, protocol presentation, informations aggregation, informations cleansing, information analysis, study composing and printing. The clip allocated for informations aggregation by track coordinator was from 18 April 2010 to 7 May 2010. The elaborate work agenda is appended in AnnexureA -A 1.Study LocationThis survey was done on thalassaemia patients came at 3 centres in the Dhaka metropolis viz. ASHA -Thalassemia mettle, Bangladesh Thalassemia Society and Thalassemia hospital and Red Crescent Blood affectionateness. Dhaka Shishu Hospital Thalassemia Center was planned as one of the sites in the initial protocol, but the plaque declined the research actor for informations aggregation. Therefore it was replaced with Red Crescent Blood Center with authority from research usher.Study PopulationThe survey population include all the patients advent to the survey location for outpatient audience and blood transfusion.Study SampleSampling Technique and Sample SizeA accessible sampling was done. All available instances within the informations aggregation period were include in the survey. Overal l 120 instances were included in the survey.Calculation of Sample SizeEligibility CriteriaInclusion StandardsExclusion StandardsDevelopment of Research InstrumentA pretested semi structured Bangla questionnaire and checklist was used for informations aggregation. The variables were identified harmonizing to the specific aims and taking the of import variables into consideration which reveled in the literature reappraisal. Then appropriate graduated tables of touchstone for these variables were identified and side of meat questionnaire was drafted. After necessary rectification and tuning the English questionnaire was translated into Bangla. The questionnaire was so reviewed by research usher and co-workers of the research worker.The PedsQL Core scales 6-11 by James W. Varni was used for appraisal of quality of life with due permission from the writer. The tool consists of 4 ( four ) graduated tables for different age group i.e. childly grownup ( 18-25 ) , adolescent ( 13-18 ) , k id ( 8-12 ) , green kid ( 5-7 ) .The interlinguistic interlingual interpretation of the instrument was carried out harmonizing to the lingual guideline sent by the writer. The consumption was to develop a questionnaire which is conceptually tantamount to the original reading, perpetuallyy insect bite good as clear and easy to understand. The interlingual translation procedure consisted of three stairss Forward TranslationBackward TranslationPatient TestingIn each measure a interlingual reading study was prepared and sent to writer. For interlingual translation of the PedsQL to Bangla, the research worker ap elevationed two transcribers viz. Dr. jenny ass Roslin Dcosta and Dr. Tareq Salahuddin and himself acted as the undertaking film director for the interlingual rendition procedure as stipulated in the lingual proof guideline. Each the transcriber was given the 4 ( unsalted grownup, adolescent, kid, immature kid ) original PedsQL graduated tables for different age grou p along with the lingual proof guideline. They were asked to interpret independently. After conclusion of the interlingual rendition a meeting was arranged on 16.04.2010 for rapprochement of the interlingual renditions.The undertaking director went through all 4 graduated tables one by one. There was no major dissension among the transcribers. They agreed to alter some of the quarrel with equivalent word and rephrased some of the instructions and inquiries. Both the transcriber translated passing more than one block literally. The undertaking director pointed that actual interlingual rendition of western block entrust transport no meaning in Bangla and among the mark population. Therefore he suggested it to be replaced with Bangla equivalent. He quoted Wikipedia mention downstairs to explicate the significance of block.hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_block Since the spacing of streets in storage-battery grid programs varies so widely among metropoli ss, or even within metropoliss, it is hard to understand about the size of a metropolis block. However, as mention points, the standard block in Manhattan is about 264 by 900 pess ( 80 m A- 270 m ) and in some U.S. metropoliss criterion blocks are every bit full(a) as 660 pess ( 200 m ) . The blocks in cardinal Melbourne, Australia, are 660 by 330 pess ( 200 m A- 100 m ) , formed by dividing the self-coloured blocks in an original grid with a narrow street down the center. The transcriber discussed the issue and replaced block with walking more than 100 paces which is frequently used in Bangla to intend walk a short blank space . After alteration of all four graduated tables ( youthful grownup, adolescent, kid, immature kid ) version -1 of each paperss was prepared.Dr. Md. Rajib Hossain was appointed for the returning(prenominal) interlingual rendition of Bangla VersionA aA 1 of the PedsQL graduated tables ( Young grownup, adolescent, kid, immature kid ) and research work er himself acted as the undertaking director. He was besides given the lingual proof guideline and asked non to entree the original graduated tables from cyberspace. After completion of the interlingual rendition a meeting was arranged on 17.04.2010 to compare his interlingual rendition with the original graduated tables. The consequence of the treatment in the meeting is enter in the undermentioned segment.The rubric contrary translated as list alternatively of stock list . This is due to non holding a similar word Bangla word. The closest interlingual rendition was synonymous to name and Dr. Hossain accepted it.In the Young Adult Report, Teen Report and Child Report walking more than one block , which was changed to walking more than 100 paces in for self-importanceing interlingual rendition due to cultural differences was rearward translated same. Dr. Hossain besides agreed on the alterations made. The point 8 I have low energy was retroversion translated as I fe el weak . Therefore the interlingual rendition in version 1 was updated in version 2 which literally translates to I have low energy . In the emotion subdivision, point 4 I worry what leave alone go on to me translated back as I get dying about my hereafter but it was immovable to maintain the current Bangla interlingual rendition. In how I get along with others point 5, there is non actual interlingual rendition of equal hence the contrary interlingual rendition was others of my age which was acceptable. The other differences were considered as normal lexical fluctuations.In Young Child Report, a galvanic pile of job in the direction subdivision was back translated large job . In the reply options a batch was translated as many times . The difference was due to weak backward interlingual rendition. Functioning in the subdivision rubrics had no actual Bangla word, which was reflected in each of the subdivision rubric. The difference was acceptable. In the f irst subdivision Physical function , foremost 6 points was translated as interrogative get downing with Do you . Therefore sentence building was altered to repair it.The other differences in all the graduated tables were considered normal lexical difference transporting the same significance of the original graduated table. The alterations were incorporated in version-1 of the translated graduated table and the version 2 is produced.In the patient proving measure, the research worker found that in the Likert graduated table ( 0-4 ) , patients did non understand the difference of frequently and about ever clearly. Therefore he suggested interlingual rendition of these two points to be modified which retranslate as frequently and ever . However the writer of the tool explicit his concern that altering about ever to ever will adulterate down your responses at that terminal of the graduated table. He advised to return to about ever which will be helpful in examine the research worker s findings with other published informations on the PedsQL utilizing a one- take in t-test. The writer suggested utilizing cognitive questioning method to get the better of this issue.The survey questionnaire was besides pretested along with the PedsQL graduated tables. Entire 37 points were included in the concluding questionnaire after necessary all right tuning.Datas Collection PlanThe PedsQL generic mark tool has 4 graduated tables for different age group of 5-7, 8-12, 13-18 and 18-25 old ages. The sale for 5-7 old ages is interviewer administered while remainders are designed to be self administered. However the research worker communicated the writer of the tool about the low literacy rate which may cut down the pertinence of the ego administered tool. The writer provided a Cognitive Interviewing Guideline, which was applied for questioning all the tools.Data treat and Analysis PlanAfter aggregation, informations were checked exhaustively for consistence a nd terminateness. Datas were cleaned and edited manually. Statistical parcel for Social Science ( SPSS ) version 16.0 for Windowss was used to analyse the information. Descriptive statistics were computed for the demographic variables. Chi-square analysis was carried out to measure the essential association of qualitative informations. Datas were presented by tabular arraies and graphs.Quality AssuranceStudy RestrictionsPurposive samplingEthical IssuesThe survey was done through aggregation of informations utilizing questionnaire and neither any intercession nor any invasive process was be undertaken. However, prior to knowledgeableness of the survey ethical clearance was taken from NIPSOM ethical commission. Before founding of the interview a brief debut on the purpose and aim of the survey was presented to the respondents. They were informed about their full right to take incite or decline to take part in the survey. The research worker besides assured the respondents that t here was no invasive process included in the survey and all the findings of the survey will be used to steer the service suppliers and policy shapers for the betterment of thalassaemia intervention. A complete confidence was given to them that all information provided by them will be kept confidential and their names or anything which can place them will non be published or exposed anyplace. Their engagement and part will be acknowledged with due regard. After completion of these processs the interview was started with their due permission. ConsequencesThis cross sectional survey was conducted among 108 thalassaemia patients in three thalassaemia intervention centre in Dhaka metropolis. The information was analyzed utilizing appropriate descriptive and illative statistical processs and presented in this chapter utilizing tabular arraies and graphs, harmonizing to specific aims where applicable.The last is organized under the undermentioned subdivisions4.1 Socio-demographic features of the respondents4.2Socio-demographic features of the respondentsData was collected on socio-demographic position of the respondents which is shown in the tabular array xx.xx.Age of the respondentsThe age of the respondent was usually distributed ( One sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, P =0.28 ) with average 13.28 old ages and standard divergence A5.19 old ages. There was no important difference of quality of life in one manner ANOVA ( F=1.68, p=0.18 ) among the PedsQL age groups.Table 1 Age distribution of respondents harmonizing to PedsQL age groupsAge groupFrequencyPercentage5-7 old ages1715.78-12 old ages4440.713-17 old ages2523.118-25 old ages2220.4Entire108100.0AgeSexual activityReligionHighest instruction ( in old ages )Area of abodeDistrict of abodeHighest instruction of household caputOccupation of the household caputFamily incomeNumber of siblingsNumber of thalassaemia among the siblingsCorrelation analysis and analog and ordinal logistic arrested development were used to pattern forecaster of hurting. Forecasters important in initial analysis, commanding for age, sex, and state, thalassemia diagnosing, regular transfusion, bone denseness, pre-transfusion haemoglobin degree. Partial correlativity, commanding for age and sex, was used to measure the consequence of hurting on quality of life. DiscussionDiscussion12

Hamlet’s Moral Nature Leads to Death Essay

While rambling on about vengeance, the senseless prince village utters I, his fix son, do this same scoundrel send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not avenge or about somewhat cloak that has no relish of repurchase int hence trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damnd and threatening (3. 3. 77-95). This soliloquy is significant as it shows small towns intentions when he must delay his murder purposes to a particular proposition time frame where Claudius is acting corrupt because then the powers soul will descend into hell.Moral relativism is also unambiguous when the melancholic prince moans To be, or not to be that is the question whether tis nobler in the causal agent to suffer To die, to sleep when contemplating feeling and finis (3. 1. 57-61). This unique proclamation boost explains why settlement is incapable of murder because he is afraid of what lies afterwards death, particularly hell and purgatory. For these reason s, religion is a main virtue of Hamlets moral nature leading his incompetence in seek avenging on King Claudius.Another unambiguous quality in the Princes moral nature that leads to the dispose of Claudius is procrastination. While in the set uple, the unbalanced Dane Hamlet sadly proclaims Thus sense of right and wrong does make cowards of us all, and thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pitch and moment with this regard their currents turn awry, and lose the ring of action (3. 1. 84-88). This declamation clarifies Hamlet is troubled by his over scrupulous conscience which prevents him from at one time avenging his fathers murder.After finishing conversation with the Captain, the blowy prince Hamlet boldly states How all occasions do inform me against me, and spur track my dull avenge What is manO, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth when realizing promptly is the time f or him to act (4. 4. 31-65). Hamlet at last recognizes that he has held out his revenge for too long and must act on it after seeing Fortinbras army sacrificing money and men to progress to back a worthless piece of land just for honour. In due course Hamlets procrastination eventually leads to his death in the end.If it is not for the Danish Princes moral nature of procrastination, he could take away very well avoided death by acting on his deed to his father. Last, the most important moral virtue that the saddened prince portrays is indecisiveness. When deciding whether or not to fulfill his revenge for his deceased father, Hamlet confidently decl ars now whether it be, bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple, of thinking too incisively on th event a thought which, quarterd , hath but one part wisdom  and ever three separate coward I do not know why yet I live to say this things to do ,sith I have cause , and will and strength , and means to do. 4. 4. 39-44) This d ecision further describes that Hamlet is indecisive about when he must carry out retribution for his forbearer. irresolution relates to both religion and procrastination qualities as well. Hamlet pronounces I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge or about some act that has no relish of salvation int then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damnd and black when determining when Claudius should be slain and go to hell (3. . 77-95). Not alone religious virtues are apparent but also indecisive traits. Indecisiveness is evident while Hamlet needs to decide at what specific point in time to achieve his goal of retaliation. When speaking to himself in the castle, the melancholic prince sighs Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (3. 1. 84). however though procrastination is evident in Hamlets speech, indecisiveness can be found as well. Indecisiveness is present in Hamlets speech because he is contemplating on his own life and death.For these examples, indecisiveness is in the Danish Princes moral nature that affects his power to seek payback for his father. In conclusion, moral relativism, procrastination and indecisiveness are the three vital virtues that insane Prince carries. These traits prove the reoccurring theme that the need for revenge can consume you. Hamlets moral nature is the reason why he is unable to seek vengeance for his father immediately and if the insane Dane had taken action and fulfilled his assassination on Claudius instantly, Prince Hamlets fate would have ended better. Works Cited Shakespeare, William Hamlet.

Behind Closed Doors at WorldCom Essay

1.Two General Accounting employeesDan Renfroe and Angela Waltermade journal entries in the amount of $150 meg and $171 million, respectively, with step forward detailed support. It was noned that this was not out of the ordinary at WorldCom. In your cerebration, was this a proper accounting f atomic number 18? Explain. Though this may not be out of the ordinary for WorldCom, this is not a correct accounting practice. The way the entries were made does not accept with the proper account practice according to GAAP. Detailed support is an important part of providing support to a journal submission and it explains the reason or purpose as to why the journal entry was created.2.Based on GAPP, take in the propriety or impropriety of releasing of $150 million in aura cost accruals in the wireless division over Deloris DiCiccos objections. Support your position using the authoritative accounting literature. When instructed to reduce the Wireless Divisions plication cost by $150 mi llion due to savings from the prior period, DiCicco refused because there was no support for the entry.  WorldCom would furbish up an adjusting entry each month to recognize the estimated cost of the period as period expense, by capitalizing the expense as an accrued interest. According to GAAP, a commercial enterprise item cost must be reported as an expense on a confederacys income statement. WorldCom capitalized the literary argument expense, or else of expensing it and placed it on the balance sheet as an accrued obligation rather than on the income statement as an operating expense.3.On the topic of capitalizing line costs, critique the rationale included in CEO Scott Sullivans white-hot Paper. Based on your own analysis of GAAP, explain the propriety or impropriety of capitalizing line costs in the telecom industry. In the clean-living Paper presented to the Board of Directors, the CEO Scott Sullivan supported the decision to capitalize line costs. Sullivan provid ed that the White Paper was in line with the companys close of maintaining strong growth rate through increasing its capital investment. way noted that the treatment of the E/R cots as an addition was in no way in any contradiction of the definition of an asset as per FASB Concept Statement No. 6 which states, Assets are apparent future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. However, as per GAAP, line costs must be reported as an expense in the companys income statement as these are fundamentally, operating expenses. It was cast in the Balance Sheet as an accrued liability rather than in the income statement as an accrued expense. This resulted in falsely intercommunicate income and profits and concealing huge losses by wrongly capitalizing the line costs.4.Consider journal entry that recognized $35 million of revenue in 2001 from the EDS contract based on WorlComs expectation that the five-year call for cumulative minimum payment would not be met. Based on your own analysis of GAAP, explain the propriety to impropriety of this journal entry. This is not in compliance with the provisions of GAAP or SAB 101. Revenue should not be recognized until it is realized or becomes realizable and earned. If we followed this statement the company did not turn in realized revenue Furthermore, the penalty payments if enforced could not be paid till the year 2005 as stated in the contract. Also, the journal entry resulted in recognizing revenue when it was not earned or realized and thus, overstated the profits.5.Why do you suppose the professionals in this case, most of whom are CPAs, would agree to record a material journal entry contrary to their best professional judgment? I think that in many situations employees were able to twist statements which follow GAAP guidelines. May employees were convince they were doing the right thing and those that were unwilling to participate were overlooke d. Most of the material journal entries which were made contrary to best judgment were so done with a view to mask the declining profits and to show increasing profits, which in become would increase stock prices.6.In general, how does the role of intimate Auditing differ from the role of breakaway (or External) Auditing? What is the role of internecine Auditing in a well-run corporation? When performed by innate auditors, what is a monetary audit versus an operating audit? Do you think WorldComs Internal Audit Department was functioning as it should have been? Explain. Internal auditors doing within an system of rules and report to its audit charge and/or directors. They help to design the companys organizing systems and help intermit specific risk management policies. External auditors are independent of the organization they are auditing. They report to the companys shareholders. They provide their experienced opinion on the truthfulness of the companys financial statem ents and perform work on a test basis to monitor systems in place. Internal Auditing is designed to look at the key risks facing the crease and how the business is managing those risks effectively. It usually results in recommendations for improvement across departments. Internal auditing is an independent, objective pledge and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations.It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined mount to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. A financial audit is an audit or examination of the financial reporting process, ascertain the reliability and integrity of the financial statements and preparation of such statements. It also involves an estimation of the internal controls related to the finance function of the enterprise. An operational audit, on the another(prenominal) hand, is a systematic review and evaluatio n of an operational unit in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency of operations, accomplishment of its laid down objectives and goals, and ascertain its appropriateness in the use of various resources. It is clear that the WorldComs Internal Audit department was not functioning as it should have been. It was concentrating except on operational audits and totally avoiding financial audits. On the cause of cost-saving, it intelligibly avoided any and every function which could overlap with the role of the external auditors.

Discipline management Essay

1. Behavioral retarding is mainly concerned with what send intelligence information be ob severed and measured in any pitying behaviour. It is a continuous process where whiz grass specify and forget wherefore minorren of young ages play a dormant role. The assumptions it hold backs is that all things that mint be seen and observed argon real solely things like brains can non be seen. According to Ivan and Thorndike (1913), they argued that behavior is controlled highly by its consequences. They fixate up an try out to show how cats can learn how to open a box. This was to be do by dint of trial and error method where by the cat terminate up opening the box.This theory developed showed intelligibly that, tribe argon just like cats and these is how they spontaneously learn. Those behaviors which bring positive consequences are utter to reoccur oftenlyoften than those with negative cosequences. This augment is a bit true because human beings learn slowly through pr actical, realize or theoretical. It shows that all living things are very active and can easily learn unheeding of the species type. Ivan (1903), did an inbred reflex experiment with a dog. Once they ring a metronome when openhanded the dog food, the dog responded with saliva.It was noted that, once the metronome rang, the dog could respond regardless of whether thither was food or not. This showed that, any animal can learn provided that it is exposed to. 2. In Behavioral learning it is believed that learning is segmented into steps. The final exam goal is achieved once the learners are guided on how to follow these steps. Problems suck in always arisen for students who are slow learners for they need some much steps. In cognitive learning it is believed that multitude ways of learning are followed by students. This is because not all students have the same learning processes and likewise strategies. nigh are very efficient while others are inefficient. In cognitive learnin g the t distributivelyer helps the student gain to a greater extent efficient techniques for analyse by discerning the students thoughts. It is only through cognitive learning that one can inquire for the correct answer. This usually helps in intelligence especially for a new alternative. Ones experience and personal apprehension can be used in making the dicission with the students. Metacognition. Nelson. T. ,(2007). He defined metacognition as monitor and making prior decisions on a persons shop strength.He also added that one should be capable of using those decisions to guide learning choices. Flavell (1976), defined metacognition as a self-regulation or self- awareness study. It also means to have personal knowledge on his/her cognitive activities or on anything that touches them. It has the following components Metacognition knowledge This is what one knows on himself or herself and others to be cognitive processors. Metacognitive regulation This is what makes students r egulate their learning through a set of tasks afterwards they have controlled their cognition and experiences from learning.Metacognitive experiences These are the experiences with something regarding cognition endeavor that is at once happening. My metacognition ability is to see and focus on the future happening. Through my experience i can judge what pull up stakes happen in the beside two day. Evaluation of the present events leads me to knowing the future. Fore example, what the whether bequeath be tomorrow. This will not only help me prepare psychologically but also the whole community. 3. Baduras theory is based on oneself judgment on his put to deathance. It regards the amount of work done over a presumption time period.One should be in a position to perform thoroughly in a given situation. In this case people judge themselves. Here, it defines four areas in which self-efficacy can be obtained. Firstly, through factual experience self-efficacy can be achieved thro ugh past experience. Whether one was palmy or unsuccessful tell a lot about self-efficacy. second , through looking. Children get learning through watching others performing a similar task. Thirdly, through oral persuasion. This is through encouraging a child to perform to her level best by telling her sweet word of trials.Fourthly, through physiological arousal. Vygotskys theory brings to view the tender relationships and interactions contributes to cognitive development. It is true that in every childs arriveth there are two levels the social level which comes during the tender age and the someone level. Vygotsk (1976). He also recognises the environment of ones development. Where one grows in, contributes a lot to one behavior. Implications. They create an environment of socializing and relationship development. Identity. It is through these institutions that one is identified and recognized. Sharing of knowledge. As we think together we grow together. We develop ourselves better when we share knowledge. Social puzzles addressing. We try to solve our problems together. Ones problem can be viewed, analyzed and solved as a group. zero(prenominal) It has never happened to me. 4. Physical education and learning strategies which are self-regulated are encourageble in creating a friendly learning environment full of physical and social motivation. In so doing, students will be relieved from secern ennui and instead relax as they socialite.Students should also be given granting immunity to express themselves and their weaknesses. Kounin (1977), discovered that there was always a ripple yield among the student where the behaviour of one student spread quickly to the serenity if not corrected quickly. He noted poor class concern by instructors due to their poor organization and preparations. He pointed out that, for a good management of a class the following should be clearly observed 1. Overlapping to avoid conflict ions of a teacher when two or mor e activities occur simultaneously, the teacher will only be effective if he has a procedure to follow.Fore example, the teacher should head for the hills around assisting the needy people while those who are already operate in the class should be given an extra exercise or work. 2. Momentum. A teacher should always make sure that his lectures are short. This will allow mingling of the students with each other and with the teacher too for more knowledge. This will also avoid boredom among the students. He should also make the lecture interesting and meaningful for the learners to comprehend easily. 3. Withitness. Eye contact should be maintained by the teacher to all the learners.In so doing the students will avoid wrong doings while in class. The teacher should be aware of the behavior of each student and more so, know each on a personal perspective. He should appreciate those with good behavior and comment on bad and unacceptable behaviors. To make the students alert he should ca ll each student by his name unexpectedly. 4. Group focus. The lecturer can do this in several ways (a) Accountability The teacher should tell the students that they will be awarded marks according to their participation in their respective groups.(b) A list of all the students should be available with the teacher and at any time pick any name at random to answer a question. This will keep them on their toes. (c) Students discussion The teacher can allow the students to have a discussion after the lecture to compare the answers of each other. 5. (i) Behavioral burn up. When a student does well in the class he should be rewarded in order to actuate her. Those with desired behavior should be contingently rewarded. Extrinsic motivation also know as contingent rewards (ii) Human approach. This approach is a bit assorted from the others in that it emphasizes on determinism rejection.It puts across that human beings have a medley of choices from where they can pick their preference fr om and they also have responsibilities that they do not admire or require. It is believed that people do intrinsic motivation to themselves hence encouraging their personal growth. They are self-determination in attaining their own fulfillment. (iii) cognitive approach. It mainly refers to activities that take place in our minds. This may be persuasion and language learning. Our understanding rention increases when we learn and understand the concepts of our learning.With this theory, how one behaves is determined by how largely he thinks hence this incorporates all kinds, types and forms of knowing for example, thinking and motivation. It brings competency to person especially when one is capable of interpreting well what he is learning. (iv) Sociocultural approach. In this approach, critical thinking is encouraged. It acknowledges the need for socialization and interactions among people. The more time you participate in community activity the more knowing you become. You become m ore identified within the community. You earns yourself fame and recognition.From the above explanations, i can recommend the teacher to put in to place behavioral approach for the student. This will not only encourage her to be in class but also alert and attentive. References. Flavell, J. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive motivation Cognition development. America, v24 p 16 Ivan, R. (1903). Behavioral change and development. Harvard university press. Iva n and Thoendike (1913). Behaviour change. Cambridge. Kounin, J. (1976). depicted object management in class. New Yolk. Nelson, T. (2007). Metacognition. New Yolk. Vigotsk, S. (1983). Minds of the society. Cambridge Harvard University Press.

Globalization of Enterprise

2012 Nigel. S. Paltoo A11904 10/9/2012 globalisation of Enterprise 715 GE outsetFlikr. com ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET(to be completed by the student) AIB student ID number A11904 Student find out NIGEL. S. PALTOO Course name MBA -GENERIC undefended name Globalization of Enterprise 715-GE Subject facilitator Dr. Brian OToole Teaching Centre NATIONS UNIVERSITY-GUYANA No. of pages 17 article matter at 2708 from Intro to culture (2500 +10% tolerance) DECLARATION I, the above named student, assure that by submitting, or causing the attached appointee to be submitted, to AIB, I develop not plagiarised any new(prenominal) persons work in this assignment and except where entrancely acknowledged, this assignment is my deliver work, has been expressed in my sustain words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment. ASSESSMENT SHEET(to be completed by the examiner) Student name NIGEL. S. PALTOO Course name MBA -GENERIC Subject name Globalization of Ent erprise 715-GE Assessor/marker COMMENTS Principles learnt (for example, number and sagacity of principles referred to, their influence on the structure of this paper, number and correct citations ofreferences, use of appropriate jargon) /4 Application of principles. That is, theanalysis and evaluation of the example task establish on the principles, including the final recommendations and their bonnieification /8 How sanitary the example problem was described, including the extent and depth of information (including the data) about it that was accessed /4 Structure and monstrance /2 Style, grammar and language /2 Total Less penalties GRAND f be /20 General comments FOR MODERATORS USE ONLY I oppose with the assessors assessment I disagree with the assessors assessment and the new mark is as follows for the following reasons /20 Moderator NATIONS UNIVERSITYGUYANAAustralian INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS-MBA GLOBALIZATION OF ENTERPRISE-715 GEASSIGNMENT Com paring and contrasting two countries for foreign elaboration into by topical anaesthetic app bel telephoner Denmor Garment Manu accompanimenturers. Assignment You argon the manager of a argumentation (in your body politic or region) that is thinking of oer fetching global. Comp ar and contrast two various overseas grocerys for the outside(a) involution of your vocation, covering a shape of 1 semipolitical preservation issues pagan issues 3 Entry strategy 4 Strategic alliances Start your assignment with a very brief description of the entrepreneurial art that you are writing about. This fear push aside be your admit bloodline or one that you are familiar with, or it can be a hypothetical one base on an amalgam of several businesses of which you are aware. Conclude the assignment with whether the business should go to one or the new(prenominal) of the two countries, or none, or some(prenominal). The total number of words should be 2500 words.For penaltie s regarding exceeding the word detain, please refer to AIB Style Guide. For guidance on how to write an assignment, please refer to AIB Assignment Guide. Please note, the word count does not include your cover page, an abstract, table of contents, list of references or appendices. thence you can place any supporting material that exceeds this word limit into appendices. However, a reader should not incur to look at an accompaniment to know about the main thrust of the points you are do in your assignment.So make sure all your main points are in the corpse of your report and refer there to the appendices that result support the points you are making in the body of your report, because the reader may not look at the appendices otherwise. Abstract In the last quarter of the 20th century to state day the world parsimoniousness has become to a greater extent integrated and dependent than ever before, with businesses both(prenominal) large and small blow a fuseing beyond thei r traditional local anaesthetic grocerys as barriers to world hatful came down and technology advanced resulting in significantly lower communication and transportation costs.This phenomenal change in the intertheme environment in which business is conducted has resulted in attachd levels of external direct enthronement by companies from authentic countries in lesser developed economies such as the Third World as frugal benefits were seek through the globalization of takings as well(p) as markets. (Hill 2011, p. 5)With the benefits world widely seen to outweigh the disadvantages smaller companies are spirit for the arrangements internationally that would beat out serve their interests of growth and amplification with companies from lesser developed countries now similarly looking to capitalize as well by creating synergies at the grassroots level by spreading their market horizons overseas, penetrating first and expanding as gather up and relationships develop . This shift in the world economy towards greater integration and mutualness is one mood of describing Globalization (Hill 2011, p. ). Globalization can be seen as the increase of functional integration between internationally dispersed economic activities, which is quite recent, as opposed to the older phenomenon of Internationalization which refers to the geographic splay of economic activities across borders and oceans which started in the 17th century when the colonial powers started dividing up continents in the New World in search of raw materials and markets (Devaraja 2011).In Guyana, the to a greater extent than established companies have been seeking avenues to expand their markets overseas through merchandises and by establishing lower level strategic alliances. Hardly any local company has sought to globalize its merchandise to increase its profitability. For any company looking to embark on international venture the interdependent political, economic and licit car casss of the target country along with its rudimentary heathen fabric moldiness be examined and canvassd in detail before any investment is made (Hill 2011, p. 45).In Guyana, a small English speaking, third world country in southeastward the States, the much established manu featureuring companies have been seeking avenues to expand their markets first through exports and also by establishing lower level strategic alliances overseas. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM) is one such SME within the apparel manufacturing in Guyana that has benefited from the effects of Globalization by having contracts to manufacture specific designs from companies owning major scar names in the USA (which are looking to lower their production costs) as well as by exporting directly to major retailers overseas.Table of Contents Page. 1. 0 Introduction 9 2. 0 Denmor Garment Manufacturers 9 3. 0 Current power with DGM 10 3. 0 The challenge of international expansion 11 4. 0 Political and Econom y Issues 12 5. 0 Cultural Issues 15 6. 0 Entry Strategies 16 7. 0 Conclusion 17 Bibliography 18 1. 0 Introduction The aim of this research is to analyze the potential of two countries short listed as mathematical candidates for the pass on international expansion of DGM.These two options are reviewed in the perspective of the main issues that have to be taken into account when considering business expansion into foreign markets viz Political economy issues, Cultural issues, Entry strategy and Strategic alliances with the state of personal matters in both countries organism compared and contrasted with a decision being arrived at as to whether to expand into one, both or none of the two countries. It would be impossible to look at all aspects of the Socio-Economic, Cultural and Political grace of the countries being considered therefore only the reas most correspondingly to have an jolt on DGMs venture are considered in the context of the nature of its business and the products on offer. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM) Location 7, 8, 9 Coldigen Industrial Estate, East semivowel Demerara, Guyana. DGM is a private company in Guyana which commenced trading operations in 1997 and soon employs 1000 persons of which 97 % are women. Denmor has the condenser to respond to orders of up to 50,000 haemorrhoid of garments per month, and can produce up to 15 different styles at the resembling duration.Approximately 75 pct of Denmors activities involve full production (where the shaper manages all aspects except design), demonstrating an ability to carry out value-added manufacturing activities and cater-chain management. 100 percent of its products are exported, with its customers including some of the worlds leading brands and department stores, including Russell Athletic, capital of Seychelless Secret, Paris Accessories, Van Heusen, JC Penny and Wal-Mart. (Goinvest n. d) 2. 0 Current Situation with DGMAs it is DGM is presently a small part of a emptor d riven value chain environment where the large retailers, marketers and brand name manufacturers have established a diverse decentralized profit of production in third world and developing countries and are leveraging at the design and retail stages (Devaraja 2011). Having had a fair form of success from its operations and acquired considerable know-how from its alliances DGM is looking to expand its market base and production capacity just is constrained locally by the limited supply of grok for any new pulverization and weak local demand for rim wear and sport uniforms.The key processes of DGMs operation are very bear on intensive involving the cutting of fabric and making of components by sewing implement and assembling into final product, this requires a semi-skilled to skilled level of boil. The challenge cladding DGM is to remain a competitive player and to be able to increase profitability either by acquire a bigger distinctness of the value chain from the companie s overseas (expanding more into full production),developing its own brands or by securing new large brand name manufacturer customers and orders.It is therefore important that DGM look to increase its factory capacity while at the same time keeping costs down thereby increase attractiveness to buyers. Faced with a limited labour supply and a high cost of energy and sometimes erratic power supply for sewing machines and air-conditioned factories it has become critical that DGM seriously consider the selection of moving overseas. After much consideration DGMs management has concluded that the field of view with greatest growth potential would be to expand using its own designs and brands.DGM has acquired significant expertise in the production of high end womanly underwear and in athletic uniforms from producing Victorias Secret products and Russell Athletic brand uniforms for the US NBA and is confident that it can tap into the supply chain for fabrics and using its own design tea m produce a new line of womanly underwear, beachwear and generic soccer uniforms that would have a higher quality and a faraway cheaper price, however in Guyana it is constrained by weak local demand and labour supply. . 0 The challenge of international expansion same any other firm contemplating international trade is faced with trinity strategic decisions about which countries to enter, when to enter and at what scale the entranceway would be. condition would have to be given to potential opportunities as well as areas of risk which must be closely analysed (Hill 2011).The countries selected for consideration would first be compared and contrasted with their distinct political, economic and cultural realities being looked at then options relating to possible entry strategy (ies) will considered along with strategic alliances that may be advantageous or required The two countries being considered for expansion into are brazil nut and Trinidad. Before these two countries woul d have been brought up for further consideration they would have been on a longer list of potential candidates he rest of which would have been eliminated with brazil nut and Trinidad meeting the basic criteria of having a significantly big population than Guyana, they are both developing countries ( demote off economically than Guyana), with a cease market system in place, manageable national debt and single digit inflation rates and both countries are geographically close by. A decision has been made that once the two options are found to be recompenseing then entry into that market will be made within six months. Map of South America and Southern Caribbean Islands showing brazil, Guyana and Trinidad &038 Tobagone. Source www. worldatlas. comPolitical economy issues brazil and Trinidad are both democracies, having had free and fair elections for the past two decades. twain countries currently have female presidents. brazil-nut tree is a Federal republic consisting of twent y-six states the smallest of which is far larger than Trinidad which is a twin island republic with a sister island Tobago. Both countries can be considered politically stable with the most recent relative incidence of serious turmoil being twenty two years ago when Trinidad had a failed coup with members of the Jamaat al Muslimeem trying to seize power. Individualism is regard in both countries but more so in Trinidad.Indicator brazil Trinidad Size 3,287,357 square miles 1,980 square miles Population 197 one thousand million (2011 est. ) 1. 3 million (2011 est. ) Government Federative Republic Democratic Republic Legal System brazil is a former colony of Portugal. The brazil nutian legal system is based on Civil Law. Former British colony. The legal and judicial system is based on English common law and practice. ECONOMIC brazil Trinidad GDP GDP USD $2. 45 trillion Brazil is the sixth largest economy in the world. USD $ 24. 63 billion GDP per Capita USD $4,803 USD $16 ,699GNI per Capita USD $11,500 USD $24,940 Exchange rate BRL 1. 00= GYD $100. 00 TT $1. 00 = GYD $30. 00 Inflation 5. 24 % 5. 4% Reserves US$ 349. 708 billion US$ 9. 692 billion Debt as a % of GDP 65. 1% 37. 3% Unemployment 6% 5. 5% Source Communicaid and Central Intelligence Agency World accompaniment book and www. tradingeconomics. com The data presented indicates that both Brazil and Trinidad are about as politically stable as Guyana with both countries being economically meliorate off. However in Brazil there is a greater award between rich and poor and a higher level of offence relative to Guyana and Trinidad.Both Brazil and Trinidad are currently experiencing low levels of inflation and unemployment Brazil unlike Trinidad has a tax on financial transactions Brazil is far more bureaucratic when it comes to starting a business taking up to six months to get all the paperwork done whereas in Trinidad it is advantageously easier and should only take one to two months. In Bra zil getting certain legal permissions for establishing a business expedited may require the pay of bribes. There are no limits to repatriation of registered capital and no taxes on profit repatriated from both countries.DGM would have to consider the higher level of bureaucracy in Brazil when it comes to getting things started (which creates opportunities for bribes to be extorted) as compared to Trinidad. A business cast indorse is required for investing and doing business in Brazil with a minimum level of investment being USD $50,000 being required. A Guyanese can transact and conduct business in Trinidad without a visa however a work permit would be required. In Brazil it may be infallible to hire a middleman (despachante) to voyage the maze of bureaucracy. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012).On the key issue of protective cover of property rights both Brazil and Trinidad have legal provisions for the tribute of real assets and intellectual property rights, both countries having signed international agreements, however, the judiciary in Brazil is inefficient and subject to political as well as economic influence with piracy of copyright material being fairly widespread. Brazil presents a higher degree of risk cod to lower levels of property rights protection. Trinidad unlike Brazil is a member of CARICOM just like Guyana which allows free trade among members. There is a free trade zone in Manaus in Brazil.Taxation in Brazil is naturally abstruse and not as uniform as in Trinidad. Cost of labour in both Trinidad and Brazil is higher than in Guyana but is more available. Cost of energy is cheaper in both countries relative to Guyana. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012). Politically and economically there are a couple of(prenominal)er challenges for DGM to expand to Trinidad as compared to Brazil, however with inflation levels and unemployment levels being almost equal and change rates being stable there is still a degree of att ractiveness to expand to Brazil if ways around the red tape recording can be achieved.CULTURAL ISSUES Cultural differences can present a mannikin of problems when looking to conduct business in foreign markets from language barriers, employee demeanor and work ethic to strategic planning, it is therefore essential that entrepreneurs familiarise themselves with more than just the laws governing a society and obtain an understanding of the underlying values,norms and mores so as to be able to discern what is different and what is the same, what is acceptable and what maybe considered taboo or disrespectful. (Hill 2011)Trinidad is an English speaking Caribbean country with a diverse multi ethnic society that has fused relatively well into a distinct Trini culture with a mix of East Indian, African, European and American influences, religion is mainly Christian, Hinduism and Islam. Carnival is celebrated annually with Soca and Calypso music, cypher costumes and floats, parades and b each parties over a one week period. Trinidad like Brazil is very nationalistic and proud of their country and its national symbols and flag colours. Trinidad is also a soccer crazy nation but not to the extreme as Brazil.There is a strong American influence in the way business is conducted in Trinidad which is very much alike with the way meetings and other business dealings are conducted in Guyana however it is somewhat different in Brazil. Brazil is Portuguese speaking with a far larger population who are predominantly Roman Catholic, however just like Trinidad there is an annual Carnival and a strong soccer and beach culture since Brazil has some of the most attractive beaches on South Americas Eastern Atlantic coastline and year round sunny weather.There are more cultural issues to be considered by DGM in looking to expand to Brazil than Trinidad (CIA World fact book 2012, US commercial Service-US Department of trading 2012). Brazilians do not like to discuss business during l unch whereas that would be ok in Trinidad, coffee drinking is a ritual in Brazil whereas having a semi formal meeting over beers or whiskey is normal in Trinidad. There are a few hand signals acceptable in Guyana and Trinidad like the OK that would be considered insult in Brazil (Communicaid Group Ltd 2012).It would therefore be a puss more challenging from a cultural perspective for DGM to do business in Brazil as compared to Trinidad. Both countries have a well developed tourism industry with visitors from the US and Europe looking for place products with unique designs, fabrics and colour. Although both countries presently have female presidents, males dominate business as such initial business meetings should be male led, but with DGM trading in the female apparel industry including a female during negotiations would be wise.Entry Strategy Having made a decision to expand to some other country the management would need to consider all the risks and decide on the timing, mode and scale of entry to be adopted (Hill, 2011). In entering a foreign market there are six modes of entry that a firm can consider each with advantages and disadvantages ranging from Exporting, Turnkey contracts,Licensing,Joint Ventures to alone Owned Subsidiary. (Hill 2011,p. 32) Brazil presents a more challenging environment both politically, economically and culturally but DGM should not rule out expansion into the Brazilian marketplace since the sheer size of its population and proximity to Guyana offers considerable potential, however, at this time DGM should look at exporting finished products by finding a wholesale distributor with a wide network of resellers to export beachwear to and also seek to market team uniforms directly to soccer teams especially in the lower divisions and have a local spokesperson do meetings and collect sizes and measurements etc. ith delivery being done through this intermediary but with payments being remitted by bank transfers directly to DGM . By going the export route to Brazil import tariffs would be an supernumerary cost as opposed to having a factory in the Manaus free trade zone, as such DGM should gauge the acceptance of its offerings and then look to develop strategic alliances at the manufacturing level later on if market conditions indicate the potential for higher profitability. DGM should be discreet in its business arrangements and look to secure transactions using letters of credit until levels of faith are established.In Trinidad DGM should look to develop a joint venture with a suitable ally who has excess warehousing space suitable for establishing a garment factory thereby reducing the level of capital investment required, register its brands in Trinidad, establish a small scale factory and produce both beachwear and soccer and other sport uniforms in Trinidad and market both to the local Trinidad market and export to the distributors in Brazil and further afield. Strategic alliances would also be n eeded to market products across Trinidad as such a partner with appropriate channels already in place would be useful at the entry phase.A strategic alliance with a business in an unrelated industry that has excess construction space would be preferred to one that is in the same industry with spare labour and machine capacity due to the risk of having that partner appropriating designs and customers. Timing of these two ventures is important, however with the slow pace at which negotiations and business dealings flow in Brazil it may be prudent to start interim talks with potential distributors at the same time as getting the joint venture arrangement and factory frame-up in Trinidad.Products would be differentiated in both markets according to designs and colors, more revealing beachwear is acceptable in Brazil and labeling would have to be in Portuguese as such a multi-domestic approach would be necessary with products being made specifically for each of the two markets with a sh arp overlap. This strategy should not be too costly given that the slight differences between products do not require different skills and machines and the designs for the Brazilian market would require less material but have the same exchange price.Conclusion The beach and athletic wear segment of the apparel market is already established in both countries, as such there is no first mover advantage to be gained, however DGM is confident that it can secure a niche by supplying an overall better quality product (stitchwork,design,fabric) at a far lower price. Brazil which has the largest potential market has relatively more political economy and cultural barriers which increase the levels of risk and possibility for failure so DGM should be overcautious when expanding into this market.Trinidad on the other hand has much more political economy and cultural similarities with Guyana and this would allow for easier entry, allowing DGM to be more aggressive, which could end up work th e production capacity problems for DGM to meet the anticipated new demand when the export channels into Brazil open up which would in turn satisfy the present need for a wider market base. If both of these expansions come to fruition DGM can expect growth in demand and profitability over the long term with economic benefits accruing to each of the three countries. BibliographyCIA World fact book, Trinidad 2012, viewed 1 October 2012, < https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/td. html > CIA World fact book, Brazil 2012, viewed 1 October 2012, Communicaid Group Ltd. 2012, Doing Business in Brazil- Brazilian Social and Business polish UK, London, viewed 30 phratry 2012 < http//www. communicaid. com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20Brazil. pdf>. Devaraja, Dr. T. S 2011, Indian Textile and Garment Industry-An Overview, University of Mysore, viewed 30 September 2012 < http//sibresearch. rg/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/w orking_paper_-_dr_devaraja. pdf > Goinvest 2012, Denmor Garment Manufacturers Competing in the Global Garment Industry, viewed 29 September 2012 < http//www. goinvest. gov. gy/manufacturing. html > Hill, CWL 2010, Global Business Today, 7th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston US mercantile Service-US Department of Commerce 2012, Doing Business In Trinidad and Tobago A Country Commercial Guide for U. S. Companies, viewed 1 October 2012, < http//trinidad. usembassy. gov/uploads/images/bLR3mH7MwdrEvCke0jB6Tw/CCG2006. pdf > End of Assignment.