Kush, Meroe, and Nubia

Archeologists have confirmed the habitation of the Nile above Aswan in the Paleolithic distri aloneor point that lasted more that 60,000 years of the Sudanese history. By the 8th millennium BC, during the Neolithic era, concourse had settlight-emitting diode in the brick ho make use ofs and their economic career was characterized by fishing, hunting along river Nile, kine herding and penetrate gathering. The skeletal remains pass off an evidence of blending in the midst of the Mediterranean people and the Negroid during the Neolithic breaker point that has existed until today.The northern Sudan oldest history evidence originates from the Egyptian sources that described the land upstream first from the first cataract as wretched or Cush. For 2000 year and more in the clock of old Kingdom, the economic, semipolitical and social life of the central Nile region was influenced by the Egyptians, charge as the political power of the Egyptian waned in the Cushite, the Egyptians til now had a unquestionable influence in the Cushite way of life.For some(prenominal) centuries, the Egyptian caravan exchanged grain for ivory, carnelian, hide and incense with Cushite. Slaves and gold were super valued by the Egyptian traders. The Egyptian penetrated the Cush in the Middle kingdom subsequently construction of fort at Sammah to harbour the gold flow from Wawat mines.Asian nomads that were referred to as Hyksos invaded Egypt destroying galore(postnominal) links to the Cush in around 1720 BC. During the decree of Pharaoh Ahmose 1, Egypt revived its political power during the bare-assed Kingdom around 1110BC and took the Cush as champion of its provinces however on that point were Egyptian tri preciselyary districts as far as down in the mouth and white Nile and red sea. After gaining effective fake over the Cush, the Cush adapted each way of life and temples became their center of pietism up to the 6th coke aft(prenominal) the coming of Christiani ty.By the 11th century, the unseasoned kingdom had collapsed, got divided and Cush emerged again as an self-directed kingdom that was governed from Napata. The Cush Kingdom conquered and control Egypt between 750 and 740 BC aft(prenominal) which Egypt was re-united. face-off between the Assyrians and the Egyptians in 688-663BC resulted to Cush Pharaoh retaliating returning to dynasty in Napata where he originally ruled from previous to the unification of Egypt. In 590 BC, the Cush court was compelled to bear on to Meroe, a safer place than Napata due(p) to the Egypt outrage as it tried to regain its control over Cush again. Meroe developed for several centuries independent of Egypt and extended its dynasty to the present day capital of Sudan from the third cataract located at Sawba.The pharaoh traditions still persisted in Meroe, a well managed irrigation arranging sustained the huge growing community at Meroe. By the 1st century BC, there was development of the Meroitic script that was equivalent to the indigenous Egyptian script. The succession system at Meroe was not necessarily contractable and crown was passed from brother to sister or to brother and selection of the queen was really crucial to smooth succession. The Cush fell after it was invade by the predatory Blemmyes who were nomads but Meroe continued to be with contact with the Indians and Arabs.By the second century, the Nobatae occupied the North of Cush at tungsten Bank, this was subsidized by the Romans as a buffer between the Blemmyes and then the Axum in the 5th century, now the current Ethiopia that jinx and demolished the city of Meroe ad there from Meroe kingdom ceased. In the 6th century, triplet states that were descendants of Meroe Kingdom emerged these were Nobatia, Muqurra and Alwa.These kingdoms used Hellenic titles to rule the Meroetic population in fictitious of the Byzantine Court. Missionaries started to preach in Nobatia in 540 AD and the Nubian kings were con verted to Monophysite Christianity that was being practiced in Egypt, many bishops and phantasmal leaders were consecrated in Egypt. The Mediterranean civilization was rekindled by the coming of Christianity.The use of Greek in liturgy led to development of the Nubian language that combined twain the Coptic and old meroitic scripts. The Nubian kingdoms survived many centuries but with the arrival of Arabs in 640 and subsequent moderate of Egypt posed a threat to these Christian kingdoms. Historians believe that the Muqurra and Nobatia kingdoms were obligate to merge by the Arabs to form the Dunqula kingdom around 700 this resulted to closing off of the Nubian church since Egypt became dominated by the Muslims.The entry and open of Islam after Muhammads shoemakers last lead to division between the confederation and north Sudan society. Islam encouraged economic growth, political stability and education development to its followers. Islam was spread to the east and north by the Arab armies who excessively attacked the Nubian territory in 642 and 652 thereby demolishing its cathedral.Though with continued arabization of the Nile valley, there were tension between the Arabs and Nubian territory and the resulted to a peace accordance which encouraged trade between the two opposite sides and other regions. This lead to issuance of two Arab speaking groups, the Juhayna and the Jaali. These groups aided in bringing down the Nubian territory.The Nubian territories remained independent up to the 13th century when they were overruled by the Muslims due expansion of Islam to the continuous intermarriages between them and Arabs which resulted to the coloured age of Christianity as slavery intensified. This forced the Nubian communities to seek Arab protectors for fear of their security. The Islam was not federal agency of the old Nubian territory until15th to 16th centuryREFERENCEKush, Meroe and Nubia, retrieved on 13th, October, 2007, available at www.shsu .edu/his_ncp/Sudan.html